The reason for studying the use of PVs in legal discourse is that, despite many attempts to «develop comprehensive theories», phraseological forms of language for specific purposes (LSPs) have been relegated to the «periphery of phraseology» and have often been seen as partially overlapping the science of terminology or even treated as a «special case» outside other disciplines (Kjær 2007: 506–507). As mentioned in Section 1, courtroom jargon is interspersed with ordinary expressions, and both are influenced by the context of use, including the roles and positions of speakers, the physical environment, and the subject matter. Context can influence the production and reception of language and influence the lexical choice between alternative forms. «In favor/no» is often used to describe a court decision. Like what; the judge who ruled against the defendant or the judge who ruled in favour of the plaintiff Many studies have so far examined legal phraseology, but the main focus has been on contrastive analyses in translation (Goźdź-Roszkowski 2013) and on stereotyped expressions and lexical bundles that are considered typical features of legal language (Crystal and Davy 1969; Coulthard and Johnson, 2007). To date, however, no study has evaluated the difference between phrasal verbs and simplexes from a phrasological perspective, nor examined how their use is functionally related to communication needs in courtrooms. Smitterberg, Erik. 2008. The progressive and phrasal verbs: evidence for colloquial language in nineteenth-century English? In Terttu Nevalainen, Irma Taavitsainen, Päivi Pahta & Minna Korhonen (eds.), The dynamics of linguistic variation. Corpus evidence on English past and present, 269-289. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.10.1075/silv.2.21smiSearch in Google Scholar Rodríguez-Puente, Paula. 2016.Phrasal verbs in spoken language on the trail of the past: Focus on late modern English. English Language and Linguistics 21(1).
69–97.10.1017/S1360674316000095Search Google Scholar More importantly, pickup should also be compared to collecting, as these verbs are semantically equivalent and are also more common than capture/record: recording occurs 184 times and collects 23, as opposed to the 6 and 3 matches of the verbs pick up and capture. interpret results in light of the communication objectives of stakeholders interacting in legal situations. If we consider some examples of the verb to be grasped, as in (17)–(18), and the verb to collect, as in (19)–(20), the divergence between PV and simplex again lies in the amplifying effect conferred by a particle of aspect. Up indeed represents literal meanings, but can also be used to indicate perfective connotations that «manifest themselves in the resulting state» (Bolinger 1971: 99). Both verbs have a connotation associated with the act of «bringing» a thing or a person, which brings with it a sense of accomplishment, but this seems to be more emphasized in the phraseological form: all the texts contained in the LModE-OBC contain direct speech transcribed in shorthand (Huber 2007), and they report an exchange between the defendants, Lawyers, judges and witnesses. Successive exchanges of speeches, sometimes interspersed with confessions rendered in monologues, give access to the spoken language of past periods and to repetitions composed of questions and answers with identifiable speakers, guided by the legal practices of the time. Thim, Stefan. 2012. Verbs with phrasal.
The English verb-particle construction and its history. Berlin & Boston: Walter de Gruyter Mouton.10.1515/9783110257038Google Scholar Wild, Kate. 2010. Attitudes to English Language Use in the Late Modern Period: The Case of Phrasal Verbs. Glasgow: University of Glasgow PhD thesis. Search Google Scholar Leone, Ljubica. 2019. Contextual reinterpretation of phraseological verbs. Verbs with phrasal in late modern English. In Gloria Corpas Pastor & Ruslan Mitkov (eds.), EUROPHRAS 2019, LNAI Vol. 11755, 253-267. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.10.1007/978-3-030-30135-4_19Search in Google Scholar Based on the work of Claridge (2000: 223-224), the following pairs are examined: accelerate/accelerate; moving forward/emerging; compile/stack; compose/create; hide/hide; connect/merge; continue/continue; delay/postponement; departure/departure; to abstain or refrain from doing so; distribute/distribute; cause-effect/induction; to discover/discover; erect / erect / establish; delete/delete; import/import; maintain/keep pace; omit/omit; remove/store-take-away; withdraw/withdraw; return/return; revoke/withdraw; to separate/disconnect.
This list has been supplemented by other pairs, for example: must be arrested/brought; record/collect; that are closely related to the topics discussed in the courtroom. The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) was used to obtain information on etymology and to identify the meaning of each verb (www.oed.com). The legal-secular discourse is indeed a «complex genre»[2] on two interconnected levels: the «construction of the case (…) and [the] reconstruction of crime» (Heffer 2005: 65). This implies that the treatment of legal-secular discourse should take into account aspects that go beyond «the mere construction of a particular text», as it is necessary to question «how the context around this text affects its production and reception» (Gavins 2007: 8, cited in Zhenhua 2016: 96). Lawyers often use particle verbs as part of their daily work. Here are ten of the most common. The phraseological component of the literal combination is again the leading edge between PVs and simplexes. The particle seems to function as a device that gives another specification of what is being said, which is reflected in the fact that in most cases the verb is not followed by other elements that help enrich the plot with details. In particular, the particle back itself highlights the fact that someone has come back from somewhere, no matter with whom or whatever reason. On the other hand, the semantic value of the verb return seems to depend on the immediate context of use, which further specifies the action. For example, the term «return» is often used with phrases about the prisoner, the city or room, the house, the office, as in (33) – (35): Another couple arguing for a different degree of specificity is withdrawal/tidying up.
In particular, the verbs remove/remove/remove[6] generally refer to the act «to accept elsewhere, to take something uncontrollable» (OED). By selecting only the cases in which these PVs are of equivalent importance and comparable to deleted, it can nevertheless be seen that behind the close semantic relationship, they also differ in many respects. Consider examples (44) to (46):[7] Only 6 out of 126 occurrences of «continue» are followed by a clause to (3 matches) or an –ing clause (3 matches), while 23 of 61 occurrences of «continue» were followed by 13 or 10 matches. This means that only 4% of to-go instances are used with these models, compared to 37% for simplex to continue. The use of progressive form can be seen as a starting point for understanding the degree of «aspectuality» of each of these verbs, since «the aspectual interpretation of a sentence [or verb in this case] depends on an interaction between (…) Two categories», i.e. action art and aspect, expressed in the lexicon or by grammar (Brinton 1988: 3). Progressive is one of the best examples of how grammatical modification improves the perception of a situation as «continuous, continuous, or evolving at a given time» (Brinton 1988: 8-9). In a broader sense, the fact that continuing is more often followed by progressive than by further could indicate that this is due to the linguistic identity of each verb form: it seems that the phraseological verb does not need any additional specification of the plot, since it is already expressed in the verb + particle combination. The context of use is another element that must be considered when evaluating these verbs.
Although the chase usually occurs in contexts where expressions such as long, several minutes, all day and up to Friday clearly refer to the duration of the action, all the time, as in (3) to (4), is usually followed by elements indicating the nature and location, for example very gently, at loading, directly and regularly on White Lion Road, as in points 5 to 6). So it seems that the use of a PV eliminates the need for additional elements to highlight the durative side of the action.